Quechua and Perú

Source: The Ethnologue :

QUECHUA, ANCASH, CHIQUIAN 25,000 (1993). Southeast Ancash Department, Bolognesi Province, Chiquian District. Quechuan, Quechua I. 95% cognate with Ocros, 94% with La Unión and Cajatambo. Possibly intelligible with Cajatambo. Rural areas are predominately monolingual. 5% to 15% literate.

QUECHUA, ANCASH, CONCHUCOS, NORTHERN (CONCHUCOS QUECHUA, NORTHERN CONCHUCOS QUECHUA) 200,000 or fewer, including 65,000 monolinguals (1994). East Ancash Department, Pomabamba to San Luis, and Huacrachuco in northwest Huánuco Department. May include a small part of the northern Marañon area. Quechuan, Quechua I. Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. Related to South Conchucos, Huamalíes, Sihuas. 15% to 25% literate.

QUECHUA, ANCASH, CONCHUCOS, SOUTHERN (CONCHUCOS QUECHUA, SOUTHERN CONCHUCOS QUECHUA) 250,000 or fewer, including 80,000 monolinguals (1994). East Ancash Department, Chavín to San Luis to Llamellín in East Ancash Department, and Huacaybamba in northwest Huánuco Department. Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. Related to North Conchucos, Huamalíes, Huaylas. 15% to 25% literate.

QUECHUA, ANCASH, CORONGO 15,000 (1991). Northern Ancash Department, Sihuas and Corongo areas. Quechuan, Quechua I. Most closely related to Huaylas and Sihuas. Limited bilingualism. 5% to 15% literate.

QUECHUA, ANCASH, HUAYLAS 300,000 possibly (1993). Central Ancash Department, provinces of Huaraz, Carhuaz, Caras; in the Callejón de Huaylas. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: HUARAZ, YUNGAY, HUAILAS (HUAYLAS). Rural areas are predominantly monolingual. Speakers use Spanish to communicate with Quechua speakers from Huánuco and Tarma because of differences in speech. 25% to 50% literate.

QUECHUA, ANCASH, SIHUAS 10,000 (1991). Ancash Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. 5% to 15% literate.

QUECHUA, APURIMAC Ayamaraes, Chuquibambilla, and Anda provinces. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Different from Cuzco Quechua and Ayacucho Quechua. Survey needed.

QUECHUA, AYACUCHO (CHANKA) 1,000,000 (1976). Southwestern Ayacucho region. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Dialects: ANDAHUAYLAS, HUANCAVELICA. 96% lexical similarity with Surcubamba, Puquio, and Cuzco. 25% to 50% literate. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:31%, 1:20%, 2:20%, 3:20%, 4:8%, 5:1%.

QUECHUA, CAJAMARCA 35,000 (1981). Cajamarca, Chetilla, and Los Baños districts. Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Dialect differences are minor. 94% lexical similarity with Lambayeque (closest), 92% with Pacaraos, Tarma. Probably 30% monolingual. Strong Quechua use in Chetilla and Porcón. 15% to 25% literate. Levels of bilingualism for Standard Spanish: 0:30%, 1:10%, 2:15%, 3:25%, 4:15%, 5:5%; Peasant Spanish: 0:15%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:15%, 4:30%, 5:10%.

QUECHUA, CHACHAPOYAS (AMAZONAS) 3,000 to 5,000 (1976 ). Chachapoyas and Luya provinces, Amazonas Department. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Dialects: LAMUD (WEST CHACHAPOYAS), GRENADA-MENDOZA (EAST CHACHAPOYAS), LA JALCA (SOUTH CHACHAPOYAS). Some are still monolingual but are becoming absorbed. In Conila it is reported that all ages speak Quechua. Closest to San Martín. 15% to 25% literate.

QUECHUA, COTAHUASI (AREQUIPA QUECHUA) 16,000 (1972 ). Arequipa Department, La Unión Province, Cotahuasi District. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Dialects: COTAHUASI, NORTHERN AREQUIPA, HIGHLAND AREQUIPA. Many monolinguals. Closer linguistically to Cuzco than to Ayacucho. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, CUZCO (CUSCO QUECHUA) 1,500,000 (1989). Central Cuzco, Arequipa regions. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Dialect: CAYLLOMA QUECHUA. Some dialect differences, but not as distinct as elsewhere. Substantial phonological and morphological differences with Ayacucho Quechua. 25% to 50% literate. National language.

QUECHUA, HUANCA, HUAYLLA (SOUTHERN HUANCAYO QUECHUA) 75,000 (1993). Southern Junín Department, Huancayo and Concepción provinces. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: WAYCHA (HUAYCHA, CENTRAL HUANCAYO), EAST WAYLLA, WEST WAYLLA. Waycha dialect is nearly extinct in Concepción. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, HUANCA, JAUJA (SHAUSHA WANKA QUECHUA) 14,549 to 31,501 (1962 ). Central Junín Department, Jauja Province. Quechuan, Quechua I. Considerable phonological differences with Tarma. Speakers are bilingual in Spanish.

QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, HUALLAGA 40,000 (1993 ). Northeast Huánuco Department, including the city of Huánuco. Quechuan, Quechua I. 66% monolingual. 15% to 25% literate.

QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, HUAMALÍES-NORTHERN DOS DE MAYO 38,000 (1993 ). North central Huánuco Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: MONZÓN, HUAMALIES, NORTHERN DOS DE MAYO. 96% lexical similarity with La Unión and Panao. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, MARAÑON 12,000 (1984); 9,000 monolingual (1972 census). Northwest Huánuco Department, districts of Huacrachuco, San Buenaventura, Pinra, Huancaybamba. Quechuan, Quechua I. Some communities of over 100 people are reported to be totally monolingual. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, PANAO (PACHITEA QUECHUA)17,540 including 10,000 monolinguals (1972 ). East central Huánuco Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. 98% lexical similarity with La Unión, 96% with Cajatambo. 15% to 25% literate.

QUECHUA, HUÁNUCO, SOUTHERN DOS DE MAYO-MARGOS CHAULÁN 55,000 (1984), including 40,000 in Dos de Mayo, 15,000 in Margos-Chaulán; 15,000 monolinguals (1972). Southwest and south central Huánuco Department, Districts of La Union, Ripan, Huallanca, Sillapata, Yanas, Obas, Chuquis, Chupan, Cahuac, Chavinillo, Chacabamba, Jacas Chico, Rondos, San Francisco, Jivia, Banos, Queropalca. Quechuan, Quechua I. Dialects: SOUTHERN DOS DE MAYO, MARGOS CHAULÁN. 98% lexical similarity with Panao, 96% with Corongo (Ancash), Sihuas, Monzón, Tarma, Ulcumayo. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, LAMBAYEQUE (FERREÑAFE) 20,000 (1984). Lambayeque region, Incahuasi, Cañaris, and Miracosta districts, and the communities of Penachí and Santa Lucía, and in adjacent areas of other departments (Cajamarca, Piura). Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Dialects: INCAHUASI, CAÑARIS. 94% lexical similarity with Cajamarca. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, NORTH JUNÍN (TARMA-JUNÍN QUECHUA, JUNÍN QUECHUA) 40,000 including 7,000 monolinguals (1972). Northern Junín Department, districts of Junin, Carhuamayo, Ondores, San Pedro de Cajas, southeast of Pasco. Quechuan, Quechua I. There are two dialects in Tarma Province which differ from the town of Junin. 97% lexical similarity with Cajatambo, 96% with La Unión. Below 5% literate. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:30%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:10%, 4:25%, 5:5%. Mountain slope. Pastoralists, peasant agriculturalists.

QUECHUA, NORTH LIMA, CAJATAMBO 16,525 (1974), including 7,650 in areas where Quechua is used by all ages, and 6,550 in others used by those ten years or older; 250 in Pacaraos mainly 40 years old and older. Northeast Lima Department, especially rural Oyon, Pachangara, Andajes, Maráy, Copa, Huanacapón, Jucul, Cajatambo; Pacaraos in east central Lima Department. Quechuan, Quechua I. Cajatambo has 97% lexical similarity with Andajes, 96% with La Unión and Panao, 95% with Monzón, 94% with Chiquián. Pacaraos has 94% lexical similarity with Huarí, Cajatambo, Tarma, Carás. Literature probably needs to be adapted from Ancash. 5% to 15% literate.

QUECHUA, PACAROAS A few elderly speakers (1984). Nearly extinct.

QUECHUA, PASCO-YANAHUANCA (DANIEL CARRION) 20,500 (1972). Pasco Department, sparsely populated high country and more densely populated valleys, districts of Yanahuanca, Villcabamba, Tapoc, Chacayan, Paucar, San Pedro de Pillao, Goyllarisquizqa. Quechuan, Quechua I. Closely related to Junín Quechua. Many dialects intersect here. Literature in two or three dialects will need adaptation with Tusi and Huariaca. Below 5% literate.

QUECHUA, PASCO, SANTA ANA DE TUSI 10,000 (1993). Pasco Department, west of Huariaca. Quechuan, Quechua I.

QUECHUA, PASTAZA, SOUTHERN (INGA) 1,000 to 4,000 (1981). Northern jungle, Anatico Lake, Pastaza and Huasaga rivers, and along the Urituyacu. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Distinct from Northern Pastaza Quechua of Peru and Ecuador. 5% to 15% literate. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:60%, 1:20%, 2:10%, 3:10%, 4:0%, 5:0%.

QUECHUA, PUNO Puno Department and adjacent areas. Quechuan, Quechua II, C. Differs from Cuzco Quechua in its borrowing of lexicon and morphology from Aymara. 25% to 50% literate. Survey needed.

QUECHUA, SAN MARTÍN (UCAYALI, LAMISTA, LAMISTO, LAMA, LAMANO, MOTILÓN) 20,000 (1993 ). San Martín, Sisa, Lamas and other districts, and along parts of the Ucayali River. Quechuan, Quechua II, B. Several minor dialects. 50% to 75% literate. Levels of bilingualism in Spanish are 0:10%, 1:10%, 2:39%, 3:40%, 4:1%, 5:0%. Mountain valleys. Agriculturalists.

QUECHUA, SAN RAFAEL-HUARIACA (AMBO-PASCO QUECHUA) 65,000 (1993). Ambo, southern Huánuco, western Cerro de Pasco departments; districts of San Rafael, Mosca, Ambo, Huanuco, Pallanchacra, Huariaca, Yarusyacan, Ticlacayan, Yanacancha. Quechuan, Quechua I. 35% monolingual in southern Huánuco. 25% to 50% literate.

QUECHUA, YAUYOS 18,950 (1974), including 3,800 in areas where Quechua is is used by all ages and 9,200 in others by teenage and older. Lima Department, Yauyos Province. Quechuan, Quechua II, A. Dialects: SAN PEDRO DE HUACARPANA, APURÍ, MADEAN-VIÑAC (MADEÁN), AZÁNGARO-HUANGÁSCAR-CHOCOS (HUANGÁSCAR), CACRA-HONGOS, TANA-LINCHA (LINCHA), TOMÁS-ALIS (ALIS), HUANCAYA-VITIS, LARAOS. Not a single language, but a cover term for a highly differentiated linguistic area with many one-village varieties, which will probably need separate materials. There are monolinguals. Below 5% literate.